Egyptology serves to be a major branch of archeology which is the ancient study of Egyptian history, literature, art, religion and language from the V millennium BC to the end of the native religious activities in IV century AD. The very first Egyptologists were considered to be the ancient Egyptians. The very popular Thutmose IV helped in restoring the Sphinx with a dream which inspired restoration carved on Dream Stele. After about a period of two centuries, Prince Khaemweset, Ramesses II’s fourth son got fame for restoring as well as identifying the historical buildings, temples and tombs like the famous pyramid.

Ippolito Rosellini and Jean Francois Champollion were among the first Egyptologists who gained wide appreciation and acclaim. Karl Richard Lepsius, a German, was the early participant of investigations of the ancient Egypt- it’s excavating and mapping.

In the year 1830, Rifa el-Tahtawi was the main scholar who served in Egyptian Egyptology. He was greatly inspired by works of the Muslim Egyptologists in the medieval Egyptian period, though the modern Egyptologists grew slowly as compared to their Western counterparts mainly due to their Islamic identity.

In order to know about ancient Egypt, it is better to get the Egyptology books available easily in the market. The “Experiments in Egyptian Archeology: Stoneworking Technology in Ancient Egypt” is a nice work by Denys A. Stocks. The 263 pages volume examines the pictorial as well as the archaeological evidence of stonework in Egypt. Through a set of experiments, the writer evaluates about 200 replica and reconstructed tools and brings alive various practices and methods of ancient Egyptian craft, highlighting the advances made by the great Egyptian civilization.

Also, the ‘Pyramid Builders of Ancient Egypt: A Modern Investigation of Pharaoh’s Workforce’ by A.R. David is an archaeology book on Egyptology. The Egyptian builders of Pyramids are taken to be as ordinary and simple people who are engaged in building the tomb for Pharaoh. This book is indeed a detective story that brings to the reader a great picture of a community which resided in Egypt and made one of the pyramids about 4000 years ago.

Another Egypt archeology book worth mentioning is The City In Roman and Byzantine Egypt by Richard Alston is fro all those who wish to know about the Roman city. In this book, we are not just restricted to history of public faces of the cities, the inscriptions and writings of elites, but can understand what transformations of city actually meant for the simple people and also unveil the forces which actually shaped the ordinary lives of city dwellers. After Egypt became the part and parcel of Roman Empire in the 30 BC, Christian and Classical influences made a mark on urban environment. And this book thus examines the overall influence and impact of the new cultures in the Egyptian society.

Last but not least, other books of Egyptology include the Egyptian Treasures from the Egyptian Museum in Cairo. The wide heritage of Egyptian Museum in Cairo is provided in all the unparalleled glory in exceptional colored pictures and text by world leading Egyptologists.

The interest in historical artifacts in Europe, in spite of having emerged earlier in the Renaissance era, considerably increased in mid-1700s upon the release of Winkelmann’s works and the Grand Tour; and in Western Europe, being under the prevailing influence of historism, the political actors were even ready to venture wars for the sake of historical artifacts. The possession of historical artifacts symbolized the sovereignty of the states and the antiques were utilized as the means of nationalist propagandas. The establishment of new style galleries and museums, where antiques were exhibited, in Europe dates to the said period. The main competitors of the antique acquisition race were France, Britain and Germany. In the early 19th century, almost all collections exhibited in European museums consisted of Roman copy of Greek antiques. Upon the acquisition by Glyptothek and British Museum of Aegina sculptures and Elgin marbles, respectively; the Roman copies, which had until then been the most popular and eminent items of museums, marginalized and lost favor over time. On the other hand, the territories of Ottoman Empire, which had been going through a disintegration process, became new grounds for archaeological purposes (Dyson 2006, 133). As a consequence of these developments, the presence of foreign archaeologists in Ottoman territory in the early 1800s was a usual and common phenomenon. The Ottoman Empire was the first and, for a considerable time, the only non-European state to meet the initial wave of European explorers and archaeologists (Ozdogan 1998, 114). The Even though there were no legislations enacted in the Ottoman Empire, which authorized official archaeological excavations in the year 1840, to restrict the excavated historical artifacts out of the Ottoman territory, the moving of the antiques required an official permit. In the cases such permit could not be obtained, the excavations could be performed and the found antiques could seamlessly be moved from the Ottoman territory under the sultan’s firman (Mumcu 1969; Shaw  2004, 77-80).

Once Greece enacted laws in 1835 to restrict the moving of historical artifacts outside the national territories following its declaration of independence (1830), the European states and scholars directed their entire attention regarding the antiques of Classical Greek period to the Ottoman territory, where any legislation governing antiques had not yet been brought to force. The antiques were frequently made subject to the political negotiations between Europe and Ottoman Empire, and to policies aimed to be excavated in and moved outside the Ottoman Territory. In that context, the European states paid exclusive attention for the appointing effective ambassadors with classical education and archaeological interests in their diplomatic missions in Ottoman Empire (Dyson 2006, 134-137). Especially the British ambassadors in Ottoman Empire were systematically active in the discovery and transportation to Britain of antiques. Nearly 30 years after the transportation to Britain and the addition to the British Museum’s collection of the marbles dismounted from Parthenon in 1816 by Lord Elgin, the Ambassador in Istanbul of Britain; Stafford Canning, another British diplomat, ensured the antiques in the Ottoman territory to be transported to Britain via diplomatic pressure (Dyson 2006, 137-138). Ottoman Empire authorized excavations on the condition that ‘one of each double items excavated should be delivered to the museum’ as of 1863 (Mumcu 1969, 68). The state took action to protect the historical artifacts by abstaining from issuing excavation permits in the cases where the said requirement was not satisfied (Shaw 2006, 83). Newton, the Consul in Lesbos, applied to the authorities for excavation permit for numerous times, was eventually granted the permit and considerably contributed to the collection of British Museum by the historical artifacts he moved from Bodrum, Didim and Knidos (Dyson 2006, 137-138;). The Europeans did not consider the Ottomans as the possessors and protectors of the historical heritage on their territory and advocate to be saving the historical artifacts by carrying them off to their countries (Meskell 1998, 114-115; Su 1965, 16-21). Therefore, the initial historical artifacts protection regulations were regarding only to ‘movable assets/items’.

Within the said context, the Imperial Museum (Muze-i Humayun) was established in 1869, at a time when the Ottoman Empire suffered from the loss of political and economic power both as a reaction to the smuggling of historical artifacts outside the Ottoman territory and as a consequence of modernization of the state (Westernization process), which had been gradually weakening in the political arena.Archaeology was considered as a significant indicator of modernity in the 19th century by the Western societies as well, having been deemed one of the fundamental elements of a modern society such as capitalism, industrialization, urbanization, control of violence by the state and mercantilism, and the museum were, similarly, considered as an essential institutions of a modern state (Bennett 1995, 76). Thus, the establishment of the Imperial Museum double-confirms the modernization of Ottoman Empire (Cezar 1995, Cilt II 411-412).

 The ideological backgrounds and concerns of the statesmen played an important role in the development of Turkish museology. The statesmen such as Fethi Ahmed Pasha, Saffet Pasha, Ahmet Vefik Pasha who had knowledge regarding the western culture contributed to the improvement of the museum. The art was considered as a part of the modernization movements during the reign of Abdulmecid.  Although the earliest museology activities was laid during the reign of Abdulmecid by the organization of initial art exhibitions and the collection of antiques in Saint Irene Church (Cezar 1995, Volume I 126-127), the Imperial Museum was established during the reign of Abdulaziz, who was a pro-west sultan. Along with the museum, the first private academy, first painting exhibitions and the opening of Fine Arts were all realized during the reign of Sultan Abdulaziz (Cezar 1995, Volume I 154). The line of progress is similar to the west. The traditional duties of the state such as serving justice to the people in its territory and protecting its borders were re-discussed and re-considered during the reign of Abdulmecid, and a perspective suggesting that the state should render school, road, hospital and etc. for the peace and wealth of the people and should observe economic development was adopted. The reactions of the radical conservatives against the efforts of modernization continued throughout the 19th century refusing to adopt anything related to Western culture (İnalcık 2010, 244; Berkes 2002, 244-248).