Many people wonder why the Anasazi Indians disappeared, leaving behind their belongings and valuables. Where did they go and why? No one has the answer. There is much speculation about what might have happened to them. In “Anasazi Diaspora,” from Navajo Visions and Voices Across the Mesa, Shonto Begay said that because the “Ancient Ones” were not obeying the rules of the clan, such as showing reverence and respect to God and attending religious ceremonies, the people “lost favor” in God’s eyes and were “swept away.”

Some archaeologists believe that discord, tribal violence, and abuse among tribes caused abandonment of the villages. Wickedness, conflict, and warring among tribes forced some clans to leave the area and move to a new place, simply to get away from the contention. In one tribe located in southern Mexico, there were cases of homicide, “nearly all of which involved clan feuds or quarrels over women.” (The Last Lords of Palenque: The Lacandon Mayas of the Mexican Rain Forest by Victor Perera and Robert D. Bruce)

Ancient dwellings, petroglyphs, and pottery found in Utah, Colorado, Arizona, and New Mexico are fantastic and part of Anasazi history. When an ancient ruin is discovered, it doesn’t take long for thieves to find out about it. Archaeological thievery is becoming more and more of a problem every year. At the Gettysburg National Military Park a few years ago, a man was searched and they found a metal detector hidden in his pants. He was scouring the park with it protruding from his pant leg. He was looking for Civil War relics. Utah’s vandalism is the worst in the country. Theft at the Four Corners area of Utah is still a big problem. The damage to these sites is estimated at almost $42,000 in two year’s time.

In 1906, the U.S. Congress passed the Antiquities Act because the collecting of artifacts was getting out of control. It protects archaeological sites, allows research, and imposes fines and sometimes imprisonment for the vandalism of historic sites. It was created in order to protect the archaeological sites in the Four Corners region between Arizona, New Mexico, Colorado, and Utah.

Unfortunately there is no law to prevent digging on private property. In fact, archaeological theft has gone corporate. They even pay rent on private property in order to dig without being caught. Sometimes entire pueblos have been removed. An ancient funeral pit can be sold for as high as sixty thousand dollars on the black market, not to mention pottery, baskets, and pendants found by looters.

I read an article in the Las Vegas Newspaper about a couple men who were loading some artifacts in the trunk of their car. A ranger saw what they were doing and questioned them, not realizing he had accidentally stumbled upon the largest operation around. The article said they recovered more than eleven thousand one hundred relics.

Did you know that people are actually selling shards and arrowheads on websites? The Anasazi culture is being sold to the highest bidder. Is there anything that can be done to protect America’s past?

The Antiquities Act of 1906 gives the government the right to protect and preserve all archaeological sites. It allows for scientific research but will impose fines and imprisonment for vandalism on historical sites.

Written by Linda Weaver Clarke, author of “Anasazi Intrigue: The Adventures of John and Julia Evans,” a story of mystery, disaster, hope, and charity. To learn more, visit www.lindaweaverclarke.com.

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It was mentioned on a biology blog that archaeological engravings from the Tiwanaku civilization in Bolivia are unlikely to be depicting an ancient astronaut for the reason that, even with an aquatic tail, the creature still looks too much like a human. The underlying argument was that the evolution of life forms is so diverse that it is highly unlikely an alien would come out looking even remotely like us. In essence, this is the opposite side of the pendulum to Hollywood’s consistent imaging of aliens as humanoids.

The biologist ignored the decorative and symbolic imagery added by the Tiwanaku artists and did not consider the given premise of an aquatic alien inside helmeted spacesuit. I have to assume, therefore, the biologist noted that the creature had two arms and two eyes, and since humans have two arms and two eyes, the biologist concluded that this cannot be an alien.

What should intelligent aliens look like? Or, to phrase it another way, what should we expect interstellar travelers who come here to look like? This is not a complete unknown. If the aliens are capable of interstellar travel, they obviously achieved higher technology. What is necessary to achieve technology? My opinion on this is that to achieve technology, a life form would need a complex brain and the ability to see and manipulate objects. This implies eyes, fingered appendages, and perhaps a head relatively large compared to overall body size. The Tiwanaku alien has all these features.

The biologist might counter that the issue is not that aliens have eyes, but the number of eyes. Here on Earth, higher animal forms evolved with two eyes. For example, mammals, birds, fish, reptiles, and insects all have two eyes, but on another planet the number of eyes would be different. There, perhaps, the life forms would randomly have one, three, four, or even ten eyes. Is that true? Is the number of eyes a random event in the evolutionary process?

Astronomers searching for extraterrestrial intelligence are looking for planets similar to Earth regarding temperature and chemical composition because they know life evolved here, so it is logical to assume that life might also evolve on other similar planets. Likewise, with similar planetary history, we might expect the evolutionary process on those other planets to progress similarly to how it progressed here.

Question: Was the evolution of animal life with two eyes on Earth a random event, so much so that we should expect extraterrestrial life to have a different number of eyes? I think not. Why? It is called natural selection or survival of the fittest. Two eyes are the minimum required to give depth perception and concentrated focus. Perhaps early on Earth there were animals with five or ten eyes, but with a brain too small to orientate five directions, such species quickly became extinct. Only two eyes survived. Should we expect something radically different on another Earth-like planet? No. It is reasonable to expect intelligent aliens to have two eyes, just like humans.

It is also reasonable to expect alien life forms to be imaginable from the diversity of life forms we see on Earth, past and present. The Tiwanaku alien has features similar to a fish (fish mouth that seems to be breathing inside a water-filled helmet), features similar to a lobster (sea creature with two forward appendages for manipulating objects), and features similar to humans (large head and fingered upper appendages). Only four fingers are depicted in the Tiwanaku drawings, versus our five, but this easily falls within evolutionary feasibility. The alien’s three-pod aquatic tail is also an imaginable evolutionary development.

I think the biologist’s appreciation for the potentially enormous diversity of life forms in the universe is admirable. For those life forms that develop higher technology, however, it is likely, not unlikely, that they will have something in common with humans.

This article referred to Bella Online Biology comments on the Tiwanaku Alien pages of the CrypticThinking.com website.

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On a lonely hill just outside the town of Tarquinia in northern Lazio, a dedicated group of people keep watch over one of the most important Pre-Roman archaeological sites in Italy. Here, in a melancholy echo of a distant past, some 6000 graves bear evidence to the existence of a highly advanced civilization dating back hundreds of years before the founding of Rome.

Today there is little trace left of the people known as Etruscans who inhabited an area including parts of Lazio, Tuscany and Umbria from around 900 BC. Italy at the time was divided in regions whose loose borders were occupied and fiercely contested by a variety of ethnic groups. Wars were commonplace and often brutal. The nascent Roman military, which would later go on to enjoy unprecedented success and create the greatest Empire in history, dealt ruthlessly with opponents and things un-Roman. Often not content with killing adversaries, it deliberately set out to eradicate all traces of their culture and identity and it seems to have dealt particularly ferociously with the Etruscans.

Of the diverse groups who populated Italy in that period the Etruscans stand out. They were culturally distinct and far more advanced than any other. It is widely believed that the Etruscans were not indigenous but originated in Asia Minor in an area that is part of modern day Turkey.

From archaeological sites like Tarquinia and Cerveteri, and references by Greek and Roman writers, we know they were technically and culturally advanced but sadly there are no remaining written works, no history or literature, left by the Etruscans themselves to allow us a glimpse of their world from within. The scarcity of reference material has added to the air of mystery surrounding the Etruscans making these sites all the more precious.

Thanks to the Etruscan tradition of wall painting their tombs, the necropolises at Tarquinia and Cerveteri are home to some of the finest examples of Etruscan art in the world today. Perhaps it was for superstitious reasons that the Romans didn’t destroy the artwork of these graves. Whatever their motives they appear to have respected Etruscan burial rites and what insights we do have into Etruscan lifestyle we owe in large part to their cemeteries.

Of the 6000 tombs in Tarquinia, 200 have wall paintings that are considered of major interest. Although some have suffered the effects of aging down through the centuries it is still possible to view and marvel at the splendour of Etruscan art. Delicately crafted and rich in symbolism, these frescoes portray a range of everyday scenes providing a sense of what life was like in ancient Etruria. Typical themes include dancing accompanied by musicians playing instruments like the flute and lyre and sporting scenes depicting athletes, horsemen and wrestlers.

To distinguish the tombs archaeologists have given each one a name. In the Tomb of the Leopards we witness a magnificent banquet with reclining couples enjoying a great feast. One man, probably the deceased, is seen holding up an egg between thumb and forefinger. The egg is thought to represent rebirth or the afterlife.

In the Tomb of Hunting and Fishing which dates to the sixth century BC, beautifully coloured scenes depict a hunter with a slingshot stalking a flock of birds who give flight against a hazy sky while fishermen in a boat below cast their net into a blue-green sea as dolphins leap playfully from the waves. One man dives into the sea from a rock while another is climbing the rock after him. Diving into water is thought to be another symbol of rebirth.

The Necropolis at Cerveteri is astonishingly elaborate. Tombs consisting of chambers connected by corridors, like rooms in houses, are arranged along streets as in any urban development. In their day these rooms would have contained furniture and ornamental decorations, precious metals, utensils and in some cases even pets, anything that might be considered necessary or useful in the after life. It is an eerie experience walking the streets of this city of the dead and one which takes us to the very soul of Etruscan culture.

The sites at Tarquinia and Cerveteri were considered important enough to be assigned World Heritage status by UNESCO in 2004. In assigning this status the artworks in the necropolises of Tarquinia and Cerveteri were deemed ‘masterpieces of creative genius’.

To read more about Etruscan history and see some examples of Etruscan Art visit http://www.EtruscanVilla.com/history . Visit the area to explore the world of the mysterious Etrsucans further. Plenty of useful information including accommodation is available on http://www.EtruscanVilla.com .

This article appears on the authors website at www.EtruscanVilla.com/articles_and_further_reading

Manual of Egyptian Archaeology and Guide to the Study of Antiquities in Egypt